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The parameters of the laser beam, the performance of the machine and the numerical control system, and the accuracy directly affect the efficiency and quality of the laser cutting. Especially for parts with higher cutting accuracy or thickness, the following technologies must be mastered and solved:
One of the advantages of laser cutting is that the energy density of the laser beam is high, typically 10 W/cm2. Since the energy density is proportional to 4/πd2, the focal spot diameter is as small as possible to produce a narrow slit; the focal spot diameter is also proportional to the focal depth of the lens. The smaller the focal depth of the focusing lens, the smaller the focal spot diameter. However, there is splashing and the lens is damaged when the lens is too close to the workpiece, so the focal length of 5〃~7.5〃〞(127~190mm) is widely used in high-power CO2 laser cutting industry.The actual spot diameter is 0.1~0.4mm. For high quality cuts, the effective depth of focus is also related to the lens diameter and the material being cut.
There are three easy ways to determine the focus position in industrial production:
(1) Printing method: The cutting head is moved from the top to the bottom, and the laser beam printing is performed on the plastic plate, and the smallest diameter is the focus.
(2) Inclined plate method: Pull the plate horizontally at an angle to the vertical axis to pull it horizontally, looking for the focal point of the laser beam at its minimum.
For the cutting machine of the flying light path, due to the divergence angle of the light beam, the length of the light path is different when cutting the near end and the far end, and the beam size before the focusing has a certain difference. The larger the diameter of the incident beam, the smaller the diameter of the focal spot. In order to reduce the change of focal spot size brought about by the change of the beam size before focusing, manufacturers of laser cutting systems at home and abroad provide some special devices for users to choose:
(1) Parallel light pipe. This is a common method, which is to add a collimator at the output end of the CO2 laser to expand the beam. The diameter of the expanded beam becomes larger, and the divergence angle becomes smaller, so that the near end and the far end are within the cutting range. The beam size is nearly uniform before focusing.
(2) Add a separate lower axis of the moving lens to the cutting head, which is a separate part from the Z axis that controls the stand off of the nozzle to the material surface. When the machine table moves or the optical axis moves, the beam also moves from the near end to the far end F axis, so that the spot diameter remains the same throughout the entire processing area after the beam is focused.
(3) Control the water pressure of the focusing mirror (usually a metal reflective focusing system). If the size of the focal spot diameter becomes large as the size of the beam before focusing becomes smaller, the water pressure is automatically controlled to change the focal curvature so that the focal spot diameter becomes smaller.
(4) Increase the x and y direction compensation light path system on the flight light path cutting machine. That is, when the cutting of the distal optical path increases, the compensating optical path is shortened; on the other hand, when the cutting of the proximal optical path decreases, the compensating optical path is increased to keep the optical path length uniform.
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